American Board of Pathology (ABPath) Practice Test

Insulin is the primary hormone responsible for regulating glucose metabolism in the body. It is produced by the beta cells of the pancreas and plays a crucial role in lowering blood glucose levels after meals. When glucose levels rise, insulin facilitates the uptake of glucose into cells, particularly in muscle and adipose (fat) tissue, and it promotes the conversion of glucose into glycogen for storage in the liver and muscles. Additionally, insulin inhibits the production of glucose by the liver, contributing to the overall control of glucose levels in the bloodstream.

Other hormones, such as glucagon and adrenaline, also influence glucose metabolism but serve different functions. Glucagon, for instance, acts to increase blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver. Adrenaline, released during stress or low blood sugar, promotes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, raising glucose levels to provide energy. Somatostatin primarily regulates the endocrine system and slows down the absorption of nutrients, but it does not directly control glucose metabolism. Therefore, insulin's role in promoting glucose uptake and storage solidifies its status as the primary hormone for glucose metabolism.